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The Horizon Europe project Activating European Citizens’ Trust in Times of Crisis and Polarisation (ActEU) examines questions of political trust and democratic legitimacy in Europe. This article is part of a series in which ActEU researchers present their findings. |
In the last years, political participation, representation, polarization, and, not least, political trust have been recurring topics of debate in the European Union. The ActEU research project has focused on these issues as well. One societal group which is often in the center of debates on these issues is the European Youth. Taking the young perspectives on the EU multi-level political system and the problems we have in political education on the EU serious is immensely important.
ActEU Youth Democracy Labs
Studies on the political attitudes, trust, and voting behavior of young people have repeatedly caused concern in politics and the media recently. It is a widely recognized problem that politicians and academics like to talk about young people rather than with them, and young perspectives are rarely effectively incorporated in political debates and decisions. The ActEU project has set as one of its goals to address this problem and involve young Europeans in the research process, in order to include their perspectives and experiences.
To this end, we designed the “ActEU Youth Democracy Labs”, which were implemented by all project partners. The aim of the labs was to have young Europeans develop concrete policy recommendations – both concerning the EU political system as well as political education. Based on a common conceptualization, it was possible to gather young perspectives from different European countries. In total, more than 300 participants developed over 400 recommendations. While the results are not necessarily representative, they do provide an interesting reflection of prevailing views. Participants in different countries partly diverged in their focus on specific policies, but we also saw agreement on many key demands.
High interest in politics
First, the good news: According to our labs, young Europeans show high interest in politics. Our participants showed a clear willingness to engage with the complex reality of the EU multi-level system and to get involved through participatory processes. The labs themselves can be considered a success: this form of interactive engagement with political issues, focusing on an active role for participants, works.
Yet the labs also show an urgent need for political action. In the following, we will focus on the most central recommendations that were most frequently mentioned by the participants.
Wish for participation opportunities and accessible communication
A key concern for young Europeans is to offer citizens more influence and opportunities for participation. Citizens’ forums and other consultative forms of participation were repeatedly demanded in the labs, often coupled with a specific call for better involvement of young people in particular.
This already hints at the fact that the participants feel they are not being heard and their concerns not taken seriously. Politicians are urged to seek more direct contact with young people in particular, make their communication more accessible, and make better use of social media (or use them at all). In general, the participants demand political communication to be adapted to the need of different generations and socioeconomic groups. This recommendation is not limited to politicians per se. In general, our participants call for information on politics and political institutions to be made more easily accessible and communicated in a manner comprehensible to as many people as possible. While young Europeans are willing to participate politically, they don’t feel sufficiently informed.
A key demand: Better political education
This, however, cannot solely be attributed to faulty political communication. If there is one concern that stands out and is shared by an overwhelming majority of participants, it is the demand to adjust and significantly improve political education. The demand to adjust curricula and increase and improve political education across all age groups was expressed in nearly all labs.
In our participants’ view, political education should prepare people for an active role in democratic systems. Accordingly, the fundamental values and underlying functioning of democracy should be taught. Repeatedly, participants recommended political education to be compulsory across all age groups. Another important aspect that should feature in political education is critical engagement with social media and, in general, critical thinking. Social media were generally seen as a challenge, rather than a blessing, for democratic systems.
Summing up, our participants want to be heard, have better opportunities for interaction and participation in the political system, receive more (and better) information about politics and be better prepared for their role as active citizens in democratic societies.
Political education about the EU often lacks citizens dimension
The demands developed in the labs could hardly be more timely and to the point. Our participants’ insights and experiences are consistent with much research on political education, specifically with an eye to the EU.
Political education often fails to achieve the goals it should have according to our participants. While the EU increasingly features in curricula, students’ knowledge regularly falls short of expectations. The EU as a political system is often discussed with a singular institutional focus. This is an experience many of us involved in higher education share: Students prior knowledge of the EU is, if at all present, often one-dimensional and limited to “Brussels” and the EU institutions. The EU is hardly conceived and understood as the multi-level system it is.
This misconception makes it difficult to correctly attribute responsibilities and expose misleading narratives about “Brussels bureaucrats”. Without a consistent understanding of the EU’s political system and its quasi-federal structures down to the citizen level, it is difficult to envisage, let alone implement participation and involvement in this framework. The European Union has not been “imposed” on the member states – it exists only with and through the member states, the regions and municipalities, and ultimately the citizens.
More involvement in the design of political education curricula
Our participants also demand “their” issues, central to their daily lives, to be better reflected in curricula. In fact, more involvement of students in the design and implementation of the curricula could make political education more accessible, interesting, and ultimately an exercise in democracy itself.
Other forms of engagement with political content, e.g. through “gamification”, are also on high demand by our participants and have proven a useful addition in practice.
Political education often fails due to concrete problems
Unfortunately, the implementation of these and many other good ideas featuring both in our labs as well as in research on political education in the EU often fail due to very concrete problems. On the one hand, teachers’ flexibility is hampered by strict curricula and centralized examination procedures. Here, simple memorization of basic institutions is often preferred, not least because it can be tested more easily.
On the other hand, teachers are (through no fault of their own) insufficiently prepared themselves and often lack the necessary knowledge for in-depth engagement with EU multi-level processes. Among other reasons, this is because the complex realities of the EU are insufficiently taken into account also at University level – specifically in programs for prospective teachers.
Teachers themselves need a better understanding of the EU
In order to teach and discuss complex political processes, a solid knowledge of these processes is key. Teaching the European Union as a genuine multi-level system, with its complex political processes, actors, and forms of accountability, is a very complex task. A simple understanding of the EU institutions and their interactions is not enough. Rather, teachers would need to be familiar with national and regional implementation processes, forms of participation and their deficits, issues of legitimacy, accountability and the complex division of competences across the different levels of our polity.
That would be the basis for a political education on the EU that would allow students to develop a deep understanding of the political system and enable critical reflection on political and democratic processes. The task becomes all the more difficult if political education is increasingly done by teachers who are not specialists in the subject themselves.
A toolkit for political education
Improving political education on the EU political system requires a long-term effort of different actors, from politics to universities and schools themselves. Nevertheless, some short-term improvements are possible. Political actors could engage more with students, not just when they are seeking office and not just during their electoral campaigns. There is also a task set aside for academics: They should look beyond their universities’ walls, fulfil the third mission and engage with the (young) public beyond their own seminar rooms. The ActEU Youth Democracy Labs have shown that both teachers and school students highly welcome this kind of interaction.
The ActEU project aims to contribute to improving political education through a toolkit for the educational sector. It contains resources for political education on the EU, templates for interactive workshops, videos and cartoons. This toolkit is based on our research and the insights and recommendations from the labs. The Youth Democracy Labs may be one way of involving young voices in scientific processes, concretely improving the conditions for preparing young Europeans for their active role as citizens of the European Union.
Alex Hoppe is a postdoctoral researcher at the chair for European integration and European politics and a lecturer at the Institute of Political Science of the University of Duisburg-Essen. In his research he focuses on decision-making, transparency and the role of the citizen in the EU, as well as national implementation of EU policy. |
The results of the ActEU Youth Democracy Labs are detailed in the “Integrated report on recommendations deriving from national ActEU Youth Democracy Labs”, published in August 2025.
The ActEU toolkit for the educational sector is available on the project’s website.
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